中國的自然資源管理，特別是森林、草原和濕地的管理，經(jīng)歷了長期的發(fā)展和變革。從早期林業(yè)部門的設(shè)立，到國家林業(yè)和草原局的成立，這一過程不僅反映了對(duì)自然資源保護(hù)和管理理念的變化，也揭示了我國在生態(tài)保護(hù)和可持續(xù)發(fā)展方面的努力。

　　China's natural resource management, especially the management of forests, grasslands, and wetlands, has undergone long-term development and transformation. From the establishment of early forestry departments to the establishment of the National Forestry and Grassland Administration, this process not only reflects changes in the concept of natural resource protection and management, but also reveals China's efforts in ecological protection and sustainable development.

　　01森林資源管理

　　01 Forest Resource Management

　　我國的森林資源管理經(jīng)歷了較為復(fù)雜的發(fā)展過程。1949年10月，設(shè)立中央人民政府林墾部，管理全國林業(yè)經(jīng)營和林政工作。1951年，林墾部更名為林業(yè)部，其所管轄的墾務(wù)工作移交給農(nóng)業(yè)部負(fù)責(zé)。1956年，成立森林工業(yè)部。1958年，林業(yè)部和森林工業(yè)部合并為林業(yè)部。同時(shí)，擴(kuò)大地方權(quán)限，下放森工企業(yè)管理權(quán)，省營林業(yè)與森工體制合二為一，組成地方林業(yè)廳。1970年，林業(yè)部與農(nóng)業(yè)部、水產(chǎn)部合并成立農(nóng)林部。1978年，成立國家林業(yè)總局。1979年，農(nóng)林部撤銷，成立農(nóng)業(yè)部和林業(yè)部。1997年，林業(yè)部改為國家林業(yè)局，對(duì)森林資源采用條塊結(jié)合的管理體制，東北、內(nèi)蒙古、西南大片國有林區(qū)的森林資源，由國家林業(yè)局為主進(jìn)行管理；其他森林資源則由省、地、縣人民政府負(fù)責(zé)管理。2018年成立國家林業(yè)和草原局，由新組建的自然資源部管理（圖1）。

　　The management of forest resources in our country has undergone a complex development process. In October 1949, the Forestry Reclamation Department of the Central People's Government was established to manage forestry management and forestry administration work nationwide. In 1951, the Ministry of Forestry was renamed as the Ministry of Forestry, and the reclamation work under its jurisdiction was transferred to the Ministry of Agriculture. In 1956, the Ministry of Forest Industry was established. In 1958, the Ministry of Forestry and the Ministry of Forest Industry merged to form the Ministry of Forestry. At the same time, local authorities will be expanded, the management rights of forestry enterprises will be delegated, and the provincial forestry and forestry system will be merged to form a local forestry department. In 1970, the Ministry of Forestry merged with the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries to form the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. In 1978, the State Forestry Administration was established. In 1979, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry was abolished and replaced by the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Forestry. In 1997, the Ministry of Forestry was renamed as the State Forestry Administration, which adopted a management system that combines sections and blocks for forest resources. Forest resources in large state-owned forest areas in Northeast, Inner Mongolia, and Southwest China were mainly managed by the State Forestry Administration; Other forest resources are managed by provincial, prefectural, and county governments. The National Forestry and Grassland Administration was established in 2018 and is managed by the newly formed Ministry of Natural Resources (Figure 1).

　　改革前，森林資源管理職責(zé)主要在國家林業(yè)局，負(fù)責(zé)全國林業(yè)及其生態(tài)建設(shè)的監(jiān)督管理，組織、協(xié)調(diào)、指導(dǎo)和監(jiān)督全國造林綠化工作，承擔(dān)森林資源保護(hù)發(fā)展和監(jiān)督管理的職責(zé)，負(fù)責(zé)林業(yè)系統(tǒng)自然保護(hù)區(qū)的監(jiān)督管理，承擔(dān)推進(jìn)林業(yè)改革，維護(hù)農(nóng)民經(jīng)營林業(yè)合法權(quán)益的職責(zé)，監(jiān)督檢查各產(chǎn)業(yè)對(duì)森林資源的開發(fā)利用等。指導(dǎo)國有林場(chǎng)（苗圃）、森林公園和基層林業(yè)工作機(jī)構(gòu)的建設(shè)和管理。

　　Before the reform, the main responsibility for forest resource management was the State Forestry Administration, which was responsible for the supervision and management of national forestry and ecological construction, organizing, coordinating, guiding, and supervising afforestation and greening work, undertaking the responsibility of forest resource protection, development, and supervision and management, supervising and managing natural protected areas in the forestry system, promoting forestry reform, safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of farmers in forestry management, and supervising and inspecting the development and utilization of forest resources by various industries. Guide the construction and management of state-owned forest farms (nurseries), forest parks, and grassroots forestry work institutions.

　　02草原資源管理

　　02 Grassland Resource Management

　　我國的草原資源管理職能長期放在農(nóng)業(yè)、農(nóng)牧部門，經(jīng)歷了由以家畜為重向以草原生態(tài)為重的轉(zhuǎn)變。1949年10月，政務(wù)院設(shè)立農(nóng)業(yè)部。1970年，撤銷農(nóng)業(yè)部、林業(yè)部和水產(chǎn)部，設(shè)農(nóng)林部。1979年，撤銷農(nóng)林部，分設(shè)農(nóng)業(yè)部和林業(yè)部。1982年，將農(nóng)業(yè)部、農(nóng)墾部、國家水產(chǎn)總局合并設(shè)立農(nóng)牧漁業(yè)部。1988年，撤銷農(nóng)牧漁業(yè)部，成立農(nóng)業(yè)部，全國草原監(jiān)督管理工作仍然由農(nóng)業(yè)部主管。2018年劃歸新成立的國家林業(yè)和草原局管理，該局由自然資源部管理（圖2）。

　　The management function of grassland resources in our country has long been placed in the agriculture and animal husbandry departments, and has undergone a transformation from focusing on livestock to focusing on grassland ecology. In October 1949, the State Council established the Ministry of Agriculture. In 1970, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries were abolished and replaced by the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. In 1979, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry was abolished and divided into the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Forestry. In 1982, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Land Reclamation, and the State Administration of Fisheries were merged to establish the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry, and Fisheries. In 1988, the Ministry of Agriculture, Animal Husbandry and Fisheries was abolished and replaced by the Ministry of Agriculture. The supervision and management of grasslands across the country remained under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Agriculture. In 2018, it was placed under the management of the newly established National Forestry and Grassland Administration, which is managed by the Ministry of Natural Resources (Figure 2).

　　改革前，草原資源管理職責(zé)主要在農(nóng)業(yè)部，負(fù)責(zé)草原資源的保護(hù)和管理工作。

　　Before the reform, the responsibility for grassland resource management was mainly entrusted to the Ministry of Agriculture, which was responsible for the protection and management of grassland resources.

　　03濕地資源管理

　　03 Wetland Resource Management

　　1992年我國加入《濕地公約》，國務(wù)院明確由林業(yè)部負(fù)責(zé)組織、協(xié)調(diào)履約工作，國家層面建立了林業(yè)部門牽頭組織協(xié)調(diào)國土資源、農(nóng)業(yè)、水利、建設(shè)和海洋等部門分部門實(shí)施的濕地保護(hù)管理體制。1997年，國務(wù)院機(jī)構(gòu)改革之后，由國家林業(yè)局負(fù)責(zé)牽頭濕地保護(hù)工作。2005年，中編辦批準(zhǔn)成立了中華人民共和國國際濕地公約履約辦公室（國家林業(yè)局濕地保護(hù)管理中心）。2007年，國務(wù)院批準(zhǔn)成立中國履行濕地公約國家委員會(huì)。根據(jù)國務(wù)院2008年批準(zhǔn)的“三定”規(guī)定，國家林業(yè)局負(fù)責(zé)組織、協(xié)調(diào)、指導(dǎo)和監(jiān)督全國濕地保護(hù)工作，有關(guān)部門按照職責(zé)分工，分別負(fù)責(zé)濕地保護(hù)相關(guān)工作。2018年，明確由成立的國家林業(yè)和草原局管理，并在國家林業(yè)和草原局內(nèi)設(shè)立了濕地管理司（圖3）。

　　In 1992, China joined the Convention on Wetlands, and the State Council clearly designated the Ministry of Forestry as responsible for organizing and coordinating the implementation of the Convention. At the national level, the forestry department took the lead in organizing and coordinating the implementation of wetland protection and management systems by departments such as land and resources, agriculture, water conservancy, construction, and ocean. After the institutional reform of the State Council in 1997, the National Forestry Administration was responsible for leading wetland protection work. In 2005, the Central Compilation and Translation Office approved the establishment of the Office for the Implementation of the International Convention on Wetlands of the People's Republic of China (Wetland Protection and Management Center of the State Forestry Administration). In 2007, the State Council approved the establishment of the National Committee for the Implementation of the Convention on Wetlands in China. According to the "Three Determinations" approved by the State Council in 2008, the State Forestry Administration is responsible for organizing, coordinating, guiding, and supervising wetland protection work nationwide. Relevant departments are responsible for wetland protection related work according to their respective responsibilities. In 2018, it was explicitly managed by the established National Forestry and Grassland Administration, and a Wetland Management Department was established within the National Forestry and Grassland Administration (Figure 3).

　　改革前，濕地資源管理職責(zé)主要分布在國家林業(yè)局和農(nóng)業(yè)部。國家林業(yè)局主要負(fù)責(zé)組織、協(xié)調(diào)、指導(dǎo)和監(jiān)督全國濕地保護(hù)工作，包括負(fù)責(zé)組織、協(xié)調(diào)

　　Before the reform, the responsibility for wetland resource management was mainly distributed between the State Forestry Administration and the Ministry of Agriculture. The State Forestry Administration is mainly responsible for organizing, coordinating, guiding, and supervising wetland conservation work nationwide, including organizing and coordinating

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